If learning is to be, teachers use ALV. Use can occur by design or by chance.
From a learners’ view (ALV) the active ingredients of learning (AIL) in lessons usually occur by chance rather than by design. Chance appears more powerful in results from common classroom lessons than in lesson designs grounded in ALV, regardless of a teacher’s passion, planning, intention, or other reason for offering common lessons.
By contrast to common lessons, teachers build ALV lessons with AIL. ALV lessons are more powerful than chance when accounting for learning.
Experimental behavioral and social science research results for more than a century have identified these active ingredients. From this view, other activities during lessons exist as noise, distractions, complications, confounding elements, etc. that learners must discard in order to identify the relevant elements that solve the problem the lesson demonstrates.